Roman Fort Richborough (Rutupiae)

In 43 AD, the Romans, under Emperor Claudius, landed in Kent during their invasion of Britannia, at a sheltered location that was then a lagoon. Immediately after their arrival, the fortification of the Rutupiae bridgehead began, developing into the central naval and supply base for the further conquest of Britannia. New military roads led from here to Canterbury and London, and wooden structures served to house soldiers and goods. Around 85 AD, the provisional wooden buildings were replaced by more solid constructions. A 25-meter-high triumphal arch made of white marble, a quadrifrons, symbolized entry into the new Roman province. In the mid-3rd century, political unrest necessitated a reinforcement of the port. Earthworks and triple defensive ditches were constructed, and the triumphal arch was dismantled to provide material for new defensive walls. A redesigned fort emerged around 275 AD, featuring a headquarters and baths. In the early 5th century, the Romans withdrew, but coin finds indicate continued activity. An early Christian church with a baptismal font may date from this period and was used even after the Roman departure.